Nagarjuna

Lifetime uncertain

Since all is empty, all is possible.

- Nagarjuna

Life flickers in the flurries of a thousand ills, more fragile than a bubble in a stream. In sleep, each breath departs and again and again is drawn in; how wondrous that we wake up living still!

- Nagarjuna

Just as it is known that an image of one's face is seen depending on a mirror but does not really exist as a face, so the conception of "I" exists dependent on mind and body, but like the image of a face the "I" does not at all exist as its own reality.

- Nagarjuna

STORY

Nagarjuna and Compassion

Despite having achieved a highly realized level, Nagarjuna once was completely unable to stop an epidemic. Many people died. When he met his teacher Saraha again, the latter finally said, “You don’t have any compassion!”

Struck by such harsh words Nagarjuna could not understand what his teacher meant and apologized “I did everything you taught to me but my powers where not strong enough.”

“You don’t have any compassion”, Saraha repeated.
“But why not?”, Nagarjuna asked startled and confused.
“You forgot one thing to do.”
“Please tell me, what I forgot!”, Nagarjuna appealingly asked
“You forgot to call your teacher for help!”

That’s why Nagarjuna was given the task by his teacher to build many monasteries and pagodas. Because the task was so huge, he asked the nagas for support.

Later Nagarjuna connected his extended lifespan with one of his main sponsors, a local king, Udayibhadra. At one point the young prince Kumara Shaktiman approached Nagarjuna and told him, “You don’t have any compassion!”

Nagarjuna paled, shocked, having heard these sentences already twice from Saraha.
“Please explain, why in your opinion I don’t have any compassion?”
The prince replied, “Because you connected your and my father’s lifespan. That simply means, I will die before him, and I will never become king.”

“To strengthen my compassion, you have to kill me”, Nagarjuna proposed. “Then your father will die, and you’ll be the king.” The prince agreed and tried to kill Nagarjuna. He tried to stab him, poison him, drown him as well as other methods. Nothing worked. Angry and disappointed, the prince yelled at Nagarjuna, “You really don’t have any compassion! If you had compassion, you would tell me how I can kill you!”

Nagarjuna suggested to cut his throat with kusha grass (Buddha was sitting on kusha grass when he enlightened himself), this would definitely work. The prince did it as advised, Nagarjuna (and his sponsor) died and reached enlightenment in the moment of his death.

Key Transmissions

Received Transmissions (an excerpt)

  •   Mahamudra transmission in meditation/in a vision from Ratnamati in Southern India (where Ratnamati had lived)
  • Key instructions how to conquer death
  • Seventy Verses on Emptiness
  • Two Truths Doctrine (= ultimate truth versus conventional/superficial truth)

 

Additional Given transmissions (an excerpt)

  • Mulamadhayamakakarika (= Fundamental Verses of the Middle Way) or Madhyamaka Tripitaka texts
  • Six Collections on Reasoning (text)
    • Root Verses on the Middle Way, called "Discriminating Awareness"
    • Precious Garland
    • Refutation of Objections
    • Seventy Verses on Emptiness
    • Sutra Called “Finely Woven”
    • Sixty Verses of Reasoning
  • Collections of Praises (text)
    • Praise to the Sphere of Reality
    • Praise to the Deepest Truth
    • Praise to the Supramundane (Buddha)
  •  Collections of Didactic Explanations (text)
    • A Commentary on (the Two) Bodhicittas
    • Anthology of Sutras
    • Letter to a Friend
  • Proof of Convention
  • Preparation for Enlightenment
  • Constituents of Dependent Arising
  • The End of Disputes
  • Pulverizing the Categories
  • Sadhanas of Mahamayuri and Kurukulla
  • all Mahakali and Mahakala Tantras
  • Guyhasamaja Tantras
    • Abbreviated Means for Actualization
    • Method for Meditating on the Generation Stage of the Mahayoga Tantra Guhyasamaja Mixed with Its Textual (Sources)
    • The Five Stage (Completion Stage)

  • Key-instructions how to conquer death
  • Fundamental Verses of the Middle Way (Mūlamādhyamakakārikā or Madhyamaka)
  • Mahamudra-Transmission in meditation/in a vision from Ratnamati in Southern India (where Ratnamati had lived)
  • Tripitaka-texts (Triple Basket)
  • Seventy Verses on Emptiness (Shunyatasapati)
  • Two Truths Doctrine - about relative and absolute level (= level with delusion and level without delusion)“
  • Six Collections on Reasoning (text)
  • Root Verses on the Middle Way, called "Discriminating Awareness"
  • Precious Garland
  • Refutation of Objections
  • Seventy Verses on Emptiness
  • Sutra Called “Finely Woven”
  • Sixty Verses of Reasoning
  • Collections of Praises (text)
  • Praise to the Sphere of Reality
  • Praise to the Deepest Truth
  • Praise to the Supramundane (Buddha)
  • Collections of Didactic Explanations (text)
  • A Commentary on (the Two) Bodhichittas
  • Selected text-collection of Sutras
  • Letter to a Friend
  • all Mahakali and Mahakala-Tantras
  • Guyhasamaja-Tantras

  • Della Santina, Peter: Causality and Emptiness: The Wisdom of Nāgārjuna, Singapore: Buddha Dharma Education Association, 2002
  • Garfield, Jay L. (1995), The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way.Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Garfield, Jay L. and Graham Priest (2003), “Nāgārjuna and the Limits of Thought”, Philosophy East and West 53 (January 2003): 1-21
  • Hopkins, Jeffrey: Buddhist Advice for Living and Liberation: Nāgārjuna’s Precious Garland, Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion, 199
  • Jones, Richard H. (2014): Nagarjuna: Buddhism's Most Important Philosopher, 2nd ed. New York: Jackson Square Books
  • Kalupahana, David J. (1986): The Philosophy of the Middle Way. Albany: SUNY Press
  • Lindtner, Christian (1982): Nagarjuniana: Studies in the Writings and Philosophy of Nāgārjuna Akademisk forlag
  • Murty, K. Satchidananda (1971), Nagarjuna. National Book Trust, New Delhi. 2nd edition: 1978
  • Ruegg, D. Seyfort (1981): The literature of the Madhyamaka school of philosophy in India (A History of Indian literature), Harrassowitz
  • Siderits, Mark and Shōryū Katsura, 2013: Nāgārjuna’s Middle Way. Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, Boston: Wisdom Publications
  • Tuck, Andrew P. (1990), Comparative Philosophy and the Philosophy of Scholarship: on the Western Interpretation of Nāgārjuna, Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Walser, Joseph (2005), Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture. New York: Columbia University Press
  • Westerhoff, Jan (2009), Nāgārjuna's Madhyamaka. A Philosophical Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press
https://www.shambala.com/nagarjuna-readers-guide https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nagarjuna/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbUzz0_Oy1k

Historical events at this time

Invasions by the Huns (460-540)

The Huns were a group of nomadic horse-riding peoples from Central Asia originated from the steppes north of the Caspian Sea who played a significant role in European history during the 4th and 5th centuries. They conquered territories of various Germanic tribes, including the Ostrogoths and Visigoths. Their origins and exact ethnicity remain unclear, but they were known for their exceptional military skills and profound impact on the late Roman Empire.
The Huna invasions in 458 BC and c. 470 BC contributed significantly to the decline of the Gupta Empire and led to the rise of numerous smaller Indian powers
500 The period saw migrations from Central Asia and Iran as Hunas moved to north India. There was rise of many small kingdoms as the North was divided into warring kingdoms until 606.
528 The (Alchon-) Huns were finally defeated (528 – 540) .

Seventh Century

628 Ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer Brahmagupta completes the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta, a text on mathematical astronomy explaining the role of zero, rules for manipulating both negative and positive numbers, a method for computing square roots, methods of solving linear and quadratic equations.
629 - 645 The famous Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang visited India during Emperor Harshawardhana's reign. But his kingdom disintegrated into small states even as Hunas invaded. It was a period when the Deccan and the south became powerful.
500 – 750 Empires of Chalukyas (543 – 753), Pallavas (275 – 897) & Pandya (200 BC – 1300) – all southern India - flourished. 

 

Further Information

  • Della Santina, Peter: "Causality and Emptiness: The Wisdom of Nāgārjuna", Singapore: Buddha Dharma Education Association, 2002
  • Garfield, Jay L. (1995), "The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way", Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Garfield, Jay L. and Graham Priest (2003), “Nāgārjuna and the Limits of Thought”, Philosophy East and West 53 (January 2003): 1-21
  • Hopkins, Jeffrey: "Buddhist Advice for Living and Liberation: Nāgārjuna’s Precious Garland", Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion, 199
  • Jones, Richard H. (2014), "Nagarjuna: Buddhism's Most Important Philosopher, 2nd ed.", New York: Jackson Square Books
  • Kalupahana, David J. (1986), "The Philosophy of the Middle Way", Albany: SUNY Press
  • Lindtner, Christian (1982). "Nagarjuniana: Studies in the Writings and Philosophy of Nāgārjuna", Akademisk forlag
  • Murty, K. Satchidananda (1971), "Nagarjuna", National Book Trust, New Delhi. 2nd edition: 1978
  • Ruegg, D. Seyfort (1981): "The literature of the Madhyamaka school of philosophy in India (A History of Indian literature)",
    Harrassowitz
  • Siderits, Mark and Shōryū Katsura, 2013: "Nāgārjuna’s Middle Way. Mūlamadhyamakakārikā", Boston: Wisdom Publications
  • Tuck, Andrew P. (1990), "Comparative Philosophy and the Philosophy of Scholarship: on the Western Interpretation of Nāgārjuna", Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Walser, Joseph (2005), "Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture", New York: Columbia University Press
  • Westerhoff, Jan (2009), "Nāgārjuna's Madhyamaka. A Philosophical Introduction", Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • https://www.shambala.com/nagarjuna-readers-guide
  • https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nagarjuna/
  • https.//www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbUzz0_Oy1k