Milarepa

(probably) 1052 - 1135

“Having meditated on gentleness and on compassion, I have forgotten the difference between myself and others.”

- Milarepa

“If one tries to vanquish foes in the outer world, they increase in greater measure. If one conquers his self-mind within, all his foes soon disappear.”

- Milarepa

“Fearing death, I went to the mountains. Over and over again I meditated on death’s unpredictable coming, and took strong hold of the deathless unchanging nature. Now I am completely beyond all fear of dying.”

- Milarepa

STORY

Milarepa told Gampopa

“I’ve already introduced you to seeing all phenomena are like nirmanakaya. You will realize sambhogakaya and dharmakaya yourself; there’s no need to rely on my instructions!”


“I have no desire for wealth or possessions, so I have nothing. I experience neither the initial suffering of accumulating possessions, the intermediate suffering, guarding and preserving the possessions, nor the suffering in the end of losing the possessions.”

STORY

Milarepa’s song of farewell to Gampopa

“When you practice Mahamudra, do not busy yourself in practicing your daily rituals of virtuous deeds with body and speech, lest the wisdom of non-distinction vanishes. Son, rest in the unfabricated innate nature of mind! Do you understand this, monk from Ü?”

At the Belly Cave in Nyanang, Milarepa saw the Lion-Face Dakini as the sun was rising.

“Milarepa,“ she said, “the Indian Padampa Sangye is going to Tongla. Won‘t you go see him?“
When they met, Milarepa sang a song and Padampa Sangye in turn sang about Easing Suffering. The Jetsün listened to Dampa Sangye with keen pleasure. Absorbed in the song, he‘d been sitting with his penis freely exposed. Dampa Sangye now exclaimed, “Look at you! That‘s the one place you really should keep covered up. I wonder if you‘re not a bit mad.” So the Jetsün sang the Song of the Madman:

  • "Homage to the holy Lamas!
    I take refuge in your kindness.
    Please dispel obstacles and lead me the right way.

    People ask themselves, isn’t Milarepa a bit mad?
    In truth, I think I am, and here‘s the method to my madness:

    Mad father, mad son!
    Madness is passed on.
    Great Vajradhara is mad, my ancestor, the excellent Tilopa, is quite mad,
    And my grandfather, Naropa, is definitely mad.
    Mad is my old father Marpa, and I, Milarepa, why, I‘m mad too!
    This Vajradhara transmission of four enlightened bodies is madness.
    Tilopa’s Mahamudra is an absolute madness.
    Naropa‘s ascetic awareness is mad, mad, mad!
    My father, Marpa Lotsawa, is crazed by the demons of the four classes of tantra.
    I, Milarepa, know mind and energy!
    Most certainly a madness.

    Mad is the view that holds no favorite, mad the meditation that refuses references,
    Mad the conduct that hides no agenda, mad the result that preys on neither hopes nor fears,
    Mad the promises kept honestly.

    I‘m more than mad, I’m a raving lunatic!
    I drive demons mad with the lamas’ instructions.
    I turn witches mad with the dakinis’ blessings.
    I dement the happy demented with ultimate absorption.
    I craze she-demons of realization with games of enjoyment.

    I’m more than a raving lunatic, I’m really sick!
    I’ve got backaches from Mahamudra and chest pains from Maha-Ati.
    I’m weak from vase breathing, feverish with wisdom from above,
    Chilled by meditation from below, hot and cold from bliss and emptiness.
    I vomit - oh-uh, there’s the oral instructions.
    Then reality arouses me, and I lie back.

    I’m beyond sickness, I’m a dead man!
    In the view, which is vast, I died along with my prejudices.
    In meditation, which is spacious, I died along with my ups and downs.
    In conduct, which is extensive, I died along with my moral claims.
    In fruition, which is inclusive I died along with my hopes and fears.
    In samaya, which is universal, I died along with my pretenses.
    I, the yogi, died in the planes of enlightenment.

    Am I to die tonight? No shrouds for my body then:
    Rather, the subtle perceptions of external appearances.
    No strings for me:
    Rather, the rope of the central channel.
    No maudlin relatives:
    Rather, the child-disciple of awareness.
    For this yogi’s body, no gray funeral:
    Rather, the path to enlightenment.

    Guided by the dakinis,
    Led by the Kagyü Lamas -
    No meadow on a hill for my corpse:
    Rather, the peak of Samantabhadra.
    No cemeteries visited by foxes:
    Rather, the pleasure grounds of wisdom and skillful means.
    Yes! Vajradhara’s own grave!"
     

Dampa Sangye was tickled. “I get your kind of madness!” he grinned. ”What would you say if we performed a feast offering?”Milarepa responded. ”You’re the host here,“ said Dampa Sangye, ”why don’t you set it up?”

So Milarepa split his own skull and took out his brains. He chopped off his neck and both his legs, these served to form the fire pit. Next, he blazed flames from the Tummo Inner Heat at his navel, setting his skull on fire brightly. Now Dampa Sangye turned his body into seven replicas, each sitting on a stalk of grass. Milarepa transformed into seven mandalas of Khorlo Demchog, complete with eight gates, and settled on seven grass stalks as well, sated with feast offerings. After a time, they each returned to their own home.

 

Milarepa sent word that all who had known him and had faith in him, and those who wished to meet him, should come.
For many days Milarepa held a discourse on the law of karma and the nature of reality. To everyone present, all kinds of phenomena appeared, all heard exquisite music, wonderful odors filled the air and rainbows arched the clear blue sky. A great happiness pervaded the whole assembly. His sangha asked him in which pure land he wanted to go so that they know in which direction they should prostrate after his passing away. He smiled and said that the direction doesn’t matter because he will be with them everywhere. Surrounded by his disciples Milarepa entered a deep state of meditation. With this, he passed away at the age of eighty-four.

“In the gap between thoughts, non-conceptual wisdom shines continuously.”

- Milarepa

Key Transmissions

Received Transmissions (an excerpt)

  • Mahamudra

  • Six Teachings of Naropa (including Father, Mother and Non-Dual Tantras) – esp. Tummo (Inner Heat)

  • Doha songs/chants (= songs of realization)

  • oral transmission (sometimes called 'reading transmission') from a teacher, in order to create an auspicious connection with a particular text or practice, thus creating an unbroken transmission through the close bond between guru and disciple.

 

Additional Given Transmissions (an excerpt)

  • Milarepa referred to the basic Buddhist teachings of impermanence, the sufferings of Samsara, the certainty of death and the uncertainty of its arrival, the frightful rebirth that is the direct result of our past actions based on ignorance.

  • spiritual poetry known of as the One Hundred Thousand Songs

 

Quote about his decision to take up a life in solitary meditation:

"I bow down at the feet of most excellent Marpa.
Bless this beggar to turn from clinging to things.

Alas. Alas. Ay me. Ay me. How sad.
People invested in things of life's round—
I reflect and reflect and again and again I despair.
They engage and engage and stir up from their depths so much torment.
They whirl and they whirl and are cast in the depths of life's round.

Those dragged on by karma, afflicted with anguish like this—
What to do? What to do? There's no cure but the dharma.
Lord Akṣhobya in essence, Vajradhara,
Bless this beggar to stay in mountain retreat.

In the town of impermanence and illusion
A restless visitor to these ruins is afflicted with anguish.
In the environs of Gungtang, a wondrous landscape,
Grasslands that fed yaks, sheep, cattle, and goats
Are nowadays taken over by harmful spirits.
These too are examples of impermanence and illusion,
Examples that call me, a yogin, to practice.

This home of four pillars and eight beams
Nowadays resembles a lion's upper jaw.
The manor of four corners, four walls, and a roof, making nine
These too are examples of impermanence and illusion,
Examples that call me, a yogin, to practice.

This fertile field Orma Triangle
Nowadays is a tangle of weeds.
My cousins and family relations
Nowadays rise up as an army of foes.
These too are examples of impermanence and illusion,
Examples that call me, a yogin, to practice.
My good father Mila Shergyal
Nowadays, of him no trace remains.
My mother Nyangtsa Kargyen
Nowadays is a pile of bare bones.
These too are examples of impermanence and illusion,
Examples that call me, a yogin, to practice.

My family priest Konchok Lhabüm
Nowadays works as a servant.
The sacred text Ratnakūṭa
Nowadays serves as a nest for vermin and birds.
These too are examples of impermanence and illusion,
Examples that call me, a yogin, to practice.

My neighboring uncle Yungyal
Nowadays lives among hostile enemies.
My sister Peta Gonkyi
Has vanished without leaving a trace.
These too are examples of impermanence and illusion,
Examples that call me, a yogin, to practice.

Lord Akṣobhya in essence, compassionate one,
Bless this beggar to stay in mountain retreat."

 

While staying at Drakar Taso, Milarepa later reaffirms his commitment to meditation practice in a stirring song about his the aim of dying in solitary retreat:

"I address my prayers to the lord lama's body.
Bless this beggar to stay in mountain retreat.

My happiness unknown to loved ones
And misery unknown to foes—
If thus I can die in this mountain retreat
The aims of this yogin will be complete.

My aging unknown to companions
And sickness unknown to my sister—
If thus I can die in this mountain retreat
The aims of this yogin will be complete.

My death unknown among people
And rotting corpse unseen by vultures—
If thus I can die in this mountain retreat
The aims of this yogin will be complete.

Flies sucking on my putrid flesh
And insects gnawing my bones—
If thus I can die in this mountain retreat
The aims of this yogin will be complete.

No footprints upon my doorstep
And no sign of blood inside—
If thus I can die in this mountain retreat
The aims of this yogin will be complete.

No one to stand round my corpse
And no one to mourn for my death—
If thus I can die in this mountain retreat
The aims of this yogin will be complete.

No one to ask where I've gone to
And no one to say I have come—
If thus I can die in this mountain retreat
The aims of this yogin will be complete.

May the prayer of this beggar to die
In a cave of some lonesome locale
Be cast for the benefit of beings.
When cast, my aims are fulfilled."

  • Key-instructions how to conquer death
  • Fundamental Verses of the Middle Way (Mūlamādhyamakakārikā or Madhyamaka)
  • Mahamudra-Transmission in meditation/in a vision from Ratnamati in Southern India (where Ratnamati had lived)
  • Tripitaka-texts (Triple Basket)
  • Seventy Verses on Emptiness (Shunyatasapati)
  • Two Truths Doctrine - about relative and absolute level (= level with delusion and level without delusion)“
  • Six Collections on Reasoning (text)
  • Root Verses on the Middle Way, called "Discriminating Awareness"
  • Precious Garland
  • Refutation of Objections
  • Seventy Verses on Emptiness
  • Sutra Called “Finely Woven”
  • Sixty Verses of Reasoning
  • Collections of Praises (text)
  • Praise to the Sphere of Reality
  • Praise to the Deepest Truth
  • Praise to the Supramundane (Buddha)
  • Collections of Didactic Explanations (text)
  • A Commentary on (the Two) Bodhichittas
  • Selected text-collection of Sutras
  • Letter to a Friend
  • all Mahakali and Mahakala-Tantras
  • Guyhasamaja-Tantras

  • Della Santina, Peter: Causality and Emptiness: The Wisdom of Nāgārjuna, Singapore: Buddha Dharma Education Association, 2002
  • Garfield, Jay L. (1995), The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way.Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Garfield, Jay L. and Graham Priest (2003), “Nāgārjuna and the Limits of Thought”, Philosophy East and West 53 (January 2003): 1-21
  • Hopkins, Jeffrey: Buddhist Advice for Living and Liberation: Nāgārjuna’s Precious Garland, Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion, 199
  • Jones, Richard H. (2014): Nagarjuna: Buddhism's Most Important Philosopher, 2nd ed. New York: Jackson Square Books
  • Kalupahana, David J. (1986): The Philosophy of the Middle Way. Albany: SUNY Press
  • Lindtner, Christian (1982): Nagarjuniana: Studies in the Writings and Philosophy of Nāgārjuna Akademisk forlag
  • Murty, K. Satchidananda (1971), Nagarjuna. National Book Trust, New Delhi. 2nd edition: 1978
  • Ruegg, D. Seyfort (1981): The literature of the Madhyamaka school of philosophy in India (A History of Indian literature), Harrassowitz
  • Siderits, Mark and Shōryū Katsura, 2013: Nāgārjuna’s Middle Way. Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, Boston: Wisdom Publications
  • Tuck, Andrew P. (1990), Comparative Philosophy and the Philosophy of Scholarship: on the Western Interpretation of Nāgārjuna, Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Walser, Joseph (2005), Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture. New York: Columbia University Press
  • Westerhoff, Jan (2009), Nāgārjuna's Madhyamaka. A Philosophical Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press
https://www.shambala.com/nagarjuna-readers-guide https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nagarjuna/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbUzz0_Oy1k

Historical events at this time

Foundation of the Kadampa Tradition (1042-1054)

Teaching activities of the great Indian scholar Atisha Dipankara (982-1054) in Tibet. He and his foremost tibetan disciple Dromtönpa (Dromtön Gyelwé Jungné, 1005–1064) where the main founders of the Kadampa tradition, which subsequently influenced all schools of Tibetan Buddhism (e.g. the idea of a so-called ‚stepwise path‘ came into the Kagyü tradition via Atisha, Gampopa’s father and Gampopa). It especially emphasized compassion, discipline and study. More specific Tantric transmissions Atisha passed on only to a few selected students. More than 350 years later, the new Gelugpa School emerged from the Kadampa transmission.

Foundation of the Sakya Lineage (1073)

After many years of studies in India (e.g. with the mahasiddha Virupa) Drogmi Shakya Yeshe (992-1072/74) returned to Tibet and started to teach. 1073 one of his students was Khön Khönchok Gyalpo (1034-1102), who is known as the founder of the Sakya-lineage, 
founded the Sakya-monastery in Southern Tibet. The Name „Sakya“ means "pale earth“. It derives from the distinctive grey landscape of the Ponpori Hills where the Monastery is located. The Sakya school is particularly known for the Lamdré ("Path with Its Fruit") teaching, a system of meditation instructions associated with the Hevajra Tantra, which was received from the Indian master Virupa. The tradition emphasizes both study and practice. 

Foundation of the Tsurphu monastery (1189)

The 1st Karmapa gave the order to build the main seat for all future Karmapas around ten years before passing away.

Invasion of Turkic Muslims in Northeast India (1197-1206)

The Invasion of Turkic Muslims 1197 in Northeast India by Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalj led to the destruction of the famous Nalanda and other Buddhist universities. Persecution and systematic killing of monks in the area. De facto the end of Buddhism in India, besides a few isolated communities in Southern India and Kashmir. 

Around 1200 Buddhism was wiped out at a large extent in India

After a couple of Muslim-invasions it was not possible anymore to travel to India for Buddhist studies, the Tibetan Buddhism started to develop independently. The full transmission within the Karma Kagyü Lineage still existed. 

13th century

In our tradition the principle of succession through reincarnation was evolved. The 2nd Karmapa revealed himself as the rebirth of Düsum Khyenpa in the early 13th century (the lineage-holder Pomdrakpa had found the prediction-letter, which was in the hands of the Tsurphu abbott (who has forgotten about it); Shamar Tulku became a second lineage of rebirths during the 14th century. The tulku system in all other traditions appeared later.
1292 Marco Polo visited India around 1292-1294 during his return journey from China to Europe.

The Mongols under Genghis Khan appear on the borders of Tibet

The Tibetan princes decide to pay tribute to the Mongols in order to secure peace (for 20 years) .

Mongols conquered Tibet

1240: Mongol ruler Godan Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan invaded and conquered Tibet with 30.000 troops, looting monasteries and caused many victims. 
1244 Godan Khan considered religion a tool to control people. He wrote a letter to Sakya Pandita dema nding him to travel to Mongolia. The lama understood he could not decline the “offer” and traveled to the curt of the Khan in Lanzhou (Gansu), where he arrived in 1247. He was accompanied by Phagpa Lama, his nephew. Godan obviously was personally impressed by the Sakya Pandita and became his student. The Khan died shortly after the Sakya Pandita. His cousin Kublai Khan followed him on the throne. Thus a special relationship is installed which secured the supremacy of the Sakya-School in Tibet, the troops returned and annexed Kha m and Amdo. 
1247 Godan Khan bestows Sakya Pandita with the right to rule over the 13 Myriarchies (districts) of Tibet: reconstruction of (more or less) centralized rule over major parts of the country.
1254 Kublai Khan became a student of Chogyal Phagpa Rinpoche (1235 – 1280), the nephew of Sakya Pandita. Kublai made Phagpa the ruler or regent, ‘Desi’, of Tibet.
1281 Mongols controlled China completely under the Yuan Dynasty (1281-1368)
1287 A revolt of the Drikung Kagyüs with the support of Duwa Khan ended in 1290 when the Sakyas and Eastern Mongols burned down Drikung monastery and killed many people.

Further Information