Buddha Shakyamuni – Diamond Holder

(probably) 0563 BC - 0483 BC

When Buddha gave the Mahamudra teachings, he changed into his tantric form as Diamond Holder. He also manifested the five Wisdom Buddha’s (Buddha Families) Akshobya, Ratnasambhava, Amitabha, Amoghasiddhi and Vairocana in this form.

 

„If you find a truth, which is higher than mine, then follow this.“

- Buddha Shakyamuni

„Don’t believe me because a Buddha has told you, follow your own guiding light (= your own intelligence).“

- Buddha Shakyamuni

STORY

Buddha was walking somewhere in Northern India. Suddenly a young boy, probably almost naked and an orphan, stood in front of Buddha. The little boy had deep trust in the Buddha and wanted to give him a gift. But he was so poor that he didn’t possess anything. So, the boy threw himself down to the ground, filled his hands with sandy dust and kindly asked Buddha to take it. Buddha was so impressed by the boy’s devotion, that he said, “One day this boy will be reborn as a king in the snow-lands (= Tibet) where he will introduce the Buddha Dharma.“ (He became King Songtsen Gampo).

  • Della Santina, Peter: Causality and Emptiness: The Wisdom of Nāgārjuna, Singapore: Buddha Dharma Education Association, 2002
  • Garfield, Jay L. (1995), The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way.Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Garfield, Jay L. and Graham Priest (2003), “Nāgārjuna and the Limits of Thought”, Philosophy East and West 53 (January 2003): 1-21
  • Hopkins, Jeffrey: Buddhist Advice for Living and Liberation: Nāgārjuna’s Precious Garland, Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion, 199
  • Jones, Richard H. (2014): Nagarjuna: Buddhism's Most Important Philosopher, 2nd ed. New York: Jackson Square Books
  • Kalupahana, David J. (1986): The Philosophy of the Middle Way. Albany: SUNY Press
  • Lindtner, Christian (1982): Nagarjuniana: Studies in the Writings and Philosophy of Nāgārjuna Akademisk forlag
  • Murty, K. Satchidananda (1971), Nagarjuna. National Book Trust, New Delhi. 2nd edition: 1978
  • Ruegg, D. Seyfort (1981): The literature of the Madhyamaka school of philosophy in India (A History of Indian literature), Harrassowitz
  • Siderits, Mark and Shōryū Katsura, 2013: Nāgārjuna’s Middle Way. Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, Boston: Wisdom Publications
  • Tuck, Andrew P. (1990), Comparative Philosophy and the Philosophy of Scholarship: on the Western Interpretation of Nāgārjuna, Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Walser, Joseph (2005), Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture. New York: Columbia University Press
  • Westerhoff, Jan (2009), Nāgārjuna's Madhyamaka. A Philosophical Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press
https://www.shambala.com/nagarjuna-readers-guide https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nagarjuna/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbUzz0_Oy1k

Historical events at this time

Hinduism and Transition (600 BC-322 BC)

As caste system became more rigid, the period saw the advent of Mahavira and Buddha who rebelled against the system. Mahajanapadas (16 kingdoms) were formed:
This period saw the second major rise in urbanization in India after the Indus valley Civilization. The word "maha" means “great” and the word "janapada" means “foothold of a tribe”. In the later Vedic Age, a number of small kingdoms or city states had mushroomed across the subcontinent and also find mention in early Buddhist and Jain literature as far back as 1000 BC. By 500 BC, sixteen territorial states, "monarchies and republics" or Mahajanapadas were established.

Buddha’s lifetime (563-483 BC)

During the last years of Buddha’s life King Ajatasattu overthrew King Pasenadi from the Sakyan clan; he ordered that all the members of the Sakyan clan should be killed except those who had entered Buddha’s order e.g. Ananda, his half-brother Anurudda, Mahakashyapa …

Avanti-Magadhan wars (544 BC-400 BC)

The Avanti-Magadhan wars were a series of wars throughout several generations to reach supremacy in Northeastern and Northern central India. Within these times the battles of many principalities in the Ganges-plains happened. 

Persian and Greek Conquests (535 BC)

Much of the Northwest subcontinent (currently Afghanistan and Pakistan) came under the rule of the Persian Achaemenid Empire (started with Cyrus the great) and remained under the rule of Darius the Great for two centuries. 

Further Information

Books:

  • “The Life of the Buddha“ (Penguin Classics) by Tenzin Chogyel and Kurtis R. Schaeffer, 2015  
  • “The Life of the Buddha: According to the Pali Canon“ by Bhikkhu Ñanamoli, 2021
  • “The Life Of Buddha“ by Andre Ferdinand Herold and Paul Charles Blum, 2019
  • “The Buddha: A Short Biography“ by John Strong, 2001