Indus Valley Civilization (2500 BC–1500 BC)

The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the world's four earliest river valley civilization s, alongside ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and China. It derived its name from the river Indus and thrived on agriculture and worshiped natural forces.

During this period, the Indus Valley Civilization reached its peak: Hundreds of towns and cities were established throughout the Indus Valley. The two largest cities were Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, each covering about one square mile and housing populations of 35,000-40,000 people. Cities featured sophisticated urban planning with grid-like street layouts, multi-story buildings, and elaborate drainage systems. The civilization developed new metallurgy techniques, working with copper, bronze, lead, and tin. An extensive trade network was established, both within the region and with distant lands. The Indus Script came into use, though it remains undeciphered to this day.