Tibetan-British-Chinese convention in Simla (1913/14)

1913/14 Tibetan-British-Chinese convention in Simla (Northern India: Great Britain functioned as a mediator between Tibet and the new Republic of China. The negotiations results were:

Central Tibet and the Western part Kham form the „Outer Tibet“ as a de facto independent state under Chinese sovereignty (Tibet would act independently for itself but coordinates foreign relations and politics with Beijing).

The Eastern part of Kham and the province Amdo form „Inner Tibet“ and would remain under the jurisdiction of the Chinese government.

Tibet and British India fixed a border between the two countries, the so-called „McMahon-line“. China, however, did not ratify the agreement (The „Outer Tibet“ acted completely independently internally until 1950 but did not cultivate any contacts regarding foreign affairs – except to Great Britain and Mongolia. After the last Ambans had been banished in 1912 the Tibetan government did not directly communicate with China -rarely only through a British intermediary until the 1930s. In 1962 the Chinese took control south of the border to India in 1962 and up to today they annoy their southern neighbors with territorial claims.