Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama (1878-1933)

1878 – 1933  Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama (1876 – 1933) was enthroned in 1879, in 1895 was introduced into his worldly functions. His reign marked significant political and social changes in Tibet. He introduced postal services, telegraph lines, currency notes and coins. He sent students abroad for education and established small industries and hydroelectric plants. He fled Tibet twice due to foreign invasions—first to Mongolia during British advances in 1904 and later to India during Chinese incursions in 1910. After the fall of the Manchu dynasty in 1911, he expelled remaining Chinese forces from Tibet. On February 13, 1913, he issued a proclamation reaffirming Tibet's independence. Thubten Gyatso's leadership brought stability and prosperity to Tibet during his reign. His efforts to modernize the country while preserving its cultural identity left a lasting impact. He passed away on December 17, 1933. The regent resigned. During Dalai Lama's office a lot of intrigues happened behind his back.